diff --git a/Documentation/.vale/Vocab/ogs/ignore.txt b/Documentation/.vale/Vocab/ogs/ignore.txt index ed7d0d6f057ff799621b82726bd9a8d24bb8a063..d8d2d6dbf00f24036a65a10fc568e0d5382e7672 100644 --- a/Documentation/.vale/Vocab/ogs/ignore.txt +++ b/Documentation/.vale/Vocab/ogs/ignore.txt @@ -51,5 +51,6 @@ subproblems thermohydromechanics thermomechanical thermomechanics +undeformed voxel wellbore diff --git a/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_deformation.png b/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_deformation.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0668db27a8627bb76990cde85c4e10f1ca251055 Binary files /dev/null and b/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_deformation.png differ diff --git a/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_reaction.png b/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_reaction.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d935b87f4a7d6f50ae807d3bf9cea39ad67d661c Binary files /dev/null and b/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_reaction.png differ diff --git a/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_setup.png b/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_setup.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db2e48d5b307fda63cb6bd0aafe8c988441d13fe Binary files /dev/null and b/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/Column_setup.png differ diff --git a/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/index.md b/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af74d920c82dfd884f2ed5cbef2194fba196e655 --- /dev/null +++ b/web/content/docs/benchmarks/thermo-hydro-mechanics/massbalance_with_freezing/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ ++++ +author = "Tymofiy Gerasimov, Dmitri Naumov" +date = "2023-16-6" +title = "Fully_saturated_column_deformation_and_freezing" +project = ["ThermoHydroMechanics/ColumnDeformationFreezing/TM.prj"] +image = "Column_setup.png" ++++ + +{{< data-link >}} + +## Problem description + +In this example, we consider a fully saturated poro-elastic column which is subject +to a combination of thermal and mechanical loading. +This loading is prescribed in a way that various stages and kinds of deformation +process of the specimen such as purely mechanical deformation of the solid +matrix, deformation of the solid-ice mixture, as well as deformation induced by +the liquid-to-ice phase transition are present/envisioned. +We thus verify the M+freezing model given by the IBVP problem for the momentum +of balance equation. + +The left plot of Figure 1 depicts geometric and mechanical loading setup: the +cylindrical column $\Omega$ is fixed at the bottom edge $\Gamma_\mathrm{bot}$ +and the incremental vertical displacement loading $\bar{u}^n$, with $n\geq1$ +being a time step, is applied at column's top boundary $\Gamma_\mathrm{bot}$. +Simultaneously, the incremental thermal loading $\bar{T}^n$ is applied within +the column. +This implies, that all temperature dependent coefficients in the moment balance +equation are varied by setting $T=\bar{T}^n$ therein. Figure's right plot +details both $\bar{u}^n$ and $\bar{T}^n$ including the time intervals of +interest. +The unknown we solve for is the specimen displacement field $\boldsymbol u$. +Notice that using the symmetry of the 3-dimensional domain, we effectively +consider and solve the 2-dimensional problem in a diametrical cross-section. + +{{< img src="Column_setup.png" >}} +**Figure 1:** Fully saturated poro-elastic column geometry and mechanical +loading (on the left); plots of the prescribed displacement and thermal loading +applied to the specimen (on the right). + +## Simulation results and analysis + +To assess and analyse our simulation results, we calculate and record at each +time step the vertical component $F_y$ of reaction force on the top boundary +$\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$, namely, + +\begin{equation} + \boldsymbol F^n=(F^n_x,F^n_y):=\int_{\Gamma_\mathrm{top}} + \boldsymbol\sigma(\boldsymbol u^n)\cdot\boldsymbol n\\, \mathrm{d}s + \quad\text{for $\boldsymbol\sigma \in + \\\{ \boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{S}, + \boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{I}, + \boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{SI} + \\\}$}, +\end{equation} + +where $\boldsymbol u^n:\Omega\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^2$ is the computed +displacement solution vector, and $\boldsymbol n$ is an outward normal on +$\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$. +The stresses shown in the Figure 2. are: +the solid matrix stress $\boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{S}$, +the pore ice fraction stress $\boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{I} := \phi_\mathrm{I}(T)\boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{IR}$, and +the solid-ice mixture stress $\boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{SI}:=\boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{S}+\boldsymbol\sigma_\mathrm{I}$. + +{{< img src="Column_reaction.png" >}} +**Figure 2:** Plots of the vertical reaction force $F_y^n$ for the solid matrix, +pore-ice and the solid-ice mixture. + +Using both time-loading and time-reaction curves plotted in Figures 1 and 2, +respectively, the following is observed: + +1. Time interval $(0,t_1)$. +The solid matrix is under the constant positive temperature and is experiencing +vertical tension. +The recovered reaction $F_y$ on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$ is linearly growing. + +2. Time interval $(t_1,t_2)$. +The displacement loading on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$ is kept constant, whereas the +specimen temperature is decreasing from positive to subzero with +$t_{**}:=\frac{1}{2}(t_2-t_1)\in(t_1,t_2)$ being the freezing moment. + + - On sub-interval $(t_1,t_{**})$ the temperature is decreasing from the + positive to $T_\mathrm{m}$. + The solid matrix contracts yielding the slight increase of the reaction + $F_y$ on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$, as expected. + + - At $t=t_{\*\*}$, one has $T=T_\mathrm{m}$ such that the Sigmoid ice-fraction + indicator function takes the value $\frac{1}{2}$ (both liquid water and + ice fractions are present equally). + In other words, liquid-to-ice phase change happens in the "small vicinity" + of $t_{\*\*}$. +Since during such phase transition liquid expands by 9\% thus pushing up the +fixed top edge, the reaction on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$ is expected to drop. It +can be seen that the model fulfils such prediction. +Also notice that after $t_{**}$, our specimen is already a mixture of a +(deformed) solid matrix and an (undeformed) pore ice. + + - On sub-interval $(t_{**},t_2)$, the temperature keeps on decreasing thus causing further contraction of solid matrix and the already formed ice. +This results in a slight linear increase of the reaction $F_y$ on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$. + +3. Time interval $(t_2,t_3)$. +The subzero temperature is kept constant, and we start unloading the completely +frozen specimen by reducing the vertical displacement loading to its initial +(zero) value. +Actual unloading applies to the solid matrix, as it was previously deformed +(stretched) vertically, whereas the pore ice is experiencing compression. +This can be observed by assessing the recovered reaction curves of the +corresponding constituents. +The total reaction force on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$ also decays on this time +interval and even enters the negative range. +The latter is the indication that the solid-ice mixture remains under +compression even when $\bar{u}^n$ on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$ reaches $0$. +This is expected since for the pore ice this is a deformed configuration. + +4. Time interval $(t_3,t_4)$. +The vertical displacement on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$ is kept at zero level and we +start warming the completely frozen specimen. +The temperature is increased from negative to the very initial positive value +with $t_{\\#}:=\frac{1}{2}(t_4-t_3)\in(t_4,t_3)$ being the melting moment. + + - On sub-interval $(t_3,t_{\\#})$ the specimen expands due to the increase + of thermal loading thus pushing upwards the fixed top boundary + $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$. + The recovered reaction $F_y$ is hence slightly increasing in negative + direction. + + - In the "small vicinity" of melting moment $t_{\\#}$ ice-to-liquid phase + transition happens. + This is accompanied by 9$\%$ of volume contraction of ice. + Since the ice phase ceases to be present, the negative reaction force + $F_y$ on $\Gamma_\mathrm{top}$ drops to very small positive value. + This value is not zero since a slight contraction of the solid matrix at + temperature $T=T_\mathrm{m}$ is still present. + + - On sub-interval $(t_{\\#},t_4)$, further warming of solid matrix goes on + till the temperature reaches the very initial positive value. + The specimen continues its thermal expansion and finally returns to its + initial undeformed state. + The reaction $F_y$ returns back to $0$ as well, as expected. + +Figure 3 presents snapshots of a specimen's deformed configuration at the time +moments as in Figures 1 and 2. +The fill corresponds to specimen's temperature, and a white frame stands for the +undeformed configuration to highlight deformation shape and magnitude. +(We notice that in each plots the computed displacement components $u_x$ and +$u_y$ have been exaggerated by factors 10 and 80, respectively). +The deformation plots supplement and illustrate the above observations and +conclusions drawn. + +{{< img src="Column_deformation.png" >}} +**Figure 3:** Specimen deformation plots at the corresponding time moments.