[cmake] Update Boost to 1.82

Lars Bilkerequested to merge
bilke/ogs:boost-update into master
  • Uses full boost source (a one-time 90 MB download if CPM_SOURCE_CACHE is set)
  • !5097 (merged) can use cubic_roots
  • Easier upgrading in the future
  • New libs can be added in the CPMFindPackage()-call
  1. Feature description was added to the changelog

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