[cmake] Remove STL debug options.

Remove _GLIBCXX_DEBUG from STL_NO_DEBUG.
Defining the macro causes errors when linking against
other code compiled without the macro.

From https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/manual/debug_mode_using.html
  To use the libstdc++ debug mode, compile your application with the compiler
  flag -D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG. Note that this flag changes the sizes and behavior
  of standard class templates such as std::vector, and therefore you can only
  link code compiled with debug mode and code compiled without debug mode if
  no instantiation of a container is passed between the two translation units.

The remaining definitions are no longer listed in
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/manual/using_macros.html
and are removed too.
If needed those can be set with usual compiler flags,
for set of current gcc's STL options.